壹

GUIDE

靜電(dian)現象是(shi)世界普(pu)遍存在的現象，是(shi)事物內在運動(dong)規律的表現。靜電(dian)存在力(li)學效應(ying)(ying)、靜電(dian)感應(ying)(ying)效應(ying)(ying)以及(ji)放電(dian)效應(ying)(ying)，這(zhe)些(xie)效應(ying)(ying)有時嚴重危害實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)環境、傷害人員(yuan)和(he)設備(bei)、影響實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)結果(guo)準(zhun)確(que)性，應(ying)(ying)引(yin)起重視和(he)采取相(xiang)應(ying)(ying)措施避免影響。

貳

實驗室靜電的危害

2.1

靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)生(sheng)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)(shi)一種客觀的(de)(de)(de)(de)自然現象，是(shi)(shi)正負電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)在(zai)局部范(fan)圍內失(shi)(shi)去平衡的(de)(de)(de)(de)結果(guo)。眾(zhong)所周(zhou)知，物體(ti)由分(fen)子(zi)(zi)、原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)或離(li)子(zi)(zi)組成，這些粒(li)子(zi)(zi)周(zhou)圍被高速(su)運動的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)包圍，在(zai)一定(ding)條件下，不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)物質間發(fa)生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉移導(dao)致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)得失(shi)(shi)，或同種物質內部不(bu)(bu)同區(qu)域發(fa)生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)轉移，導(dao)致區(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)平衡的(de)(de)(de)(de)失(shi)(shi)衡。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)聚(ju)在(zai)在(zai)上述物體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)表面，產(chan)生(sheng)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)止的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)，是(shi)(shi)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)不(bu)(bu)能及時釋放(fang)而聚(ju)集在(zai)物體(ti)表面或內部的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)。靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)原(yuan)因有摩(mo)擦起電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、接觸(chu)帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及感應帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。物體(ti)之(zhi)間摩(mo)擦會引起電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉移即為摩(mo)擦起電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；兩種不(bu)(bu)同材質的(de)(de)(de)(de)物體(ti)相(xiang)互接觸(chu)后分(fen)離(li)，物體(ti)就(jiu)會帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)接觸(chu)帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；當物體(ti)靠近(jin)帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)物體(ti)，物體(ti)就(jiu)會帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)稱為感應帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

2.2

靜電的危害

靜(jing)電物(wu)體將產生(sheng)靜(jing)電感應效(xiao)應、靜(jing)電放電效(xiao)應以(yi)及靜(jing)電力(li)效(xiao)應，在實驗室產生(sheng)以(yi)下危害。

一是(shi)造成危險事故。靜電(dian)(dian)聚集的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓能(neng)達(da)到(dao)萬伏，甚至十幾(ji)萬伏，靜電(dian)(dian)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)瞬(shun)間沖(chong)擊(ji)會對人體中樞、神經(jing)等部位導致(zhi)傷害。如在干燥的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)驗室(shi)經(jing)常體驗到(dao)靜電(dian)(dian)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)導致(zhi)感(gan)到(dao)全(quan)身麻木的(de)(de)感(gan)覺，看到(dao)指尖與實(shi)(shi)驗室(shi)金屬物(wu)發生(sheng)(sheng)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)火光。靜電(dian)(dian)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)可(ke)以點(dian)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)可(ke)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)、易燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)，甚至難燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)也會被點(dian)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)。靜電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)瞬(shun)時釋放(fang)(fang)也會引(yin)起粉塵(chen)爆(bao)炸(zha)，引(yin)發粉塵(chen)的(de)(de)二次(ci)爆(bao)炸(zha)往往更加可(ke)怕。如，中國石化上海石油化工股份有限(xian)公(gong)司(si)某聚丙烯裝(zhuang)置共有2條生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)線，2000年(nian)2月(yue)12日21時15分和2000年(nian)9月(yue)16日7時40分分別發生(sheng)(sheng)閃爆(bao)。事故的(de)(de)引(yin)火源是(shi)風(feng)送物(wu)料(liao)自身的(de)(de)靜電(dian)(dian)，生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)過程中氣體控(kong)制失誤是(shi)造成粉塵(chen)靜電(dian)(dian)爆(bao)炸(zha)的(de)(de)間接(jie)誘(you)因(yin)。

二是影響實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)結果。靜電(dian)感應(ying)有可能(neng)導(dao)致實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室設(she)備(bei)(bei)性能(neng)或精度(du)下降(jiang)，導(dao)致實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)結果的(de)(de)嚴重偏離(li)。同(tong)時靜電(dian)放電(dian)效應(ying)產生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)瞬間高壓有可能(neng)擊穿(chuan)高精密儀器(qi)，導(dao)致設(she)備(bei)(bei)損(sun)壞(huai)。靜電(dian)現(xian)象導(dao)致實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室電(dian)場強度(du)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)變(bian)化，使實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)條件發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)偏離(li)，進而導(dao)致實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)結果偏離(li)。廣州廣電(dian)計量(liang)檢測股份有限公司劉業興(xing)在2017年發(fa)表(biao)《熱工計量(liang)數(shu)字顯(xian)示儀表(biao)干擾問(wen)題的(de)(de)產生(sheng)(sheng)與抑制(zhi)》一文(wen)，就發(fa)現(xian)了靜電(dian)對設(she)備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)影響。

三(san)是影響實(shi)驗環(huan)境。靜電產(chan)生吸附效果，導致實(shi)驗室塵埃聚(ju)集，影響實(shi)驗室潔(jie)凈(jing)度。靜電導致實(shi)驗室內部(bu)電場發(fa)生變化。

叁

實驗室產生靜電的場景

實(shi)驗室人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員活動產生(sheng)靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)，如實(shi)驗室人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員走動中，鞋底(di)與地板的(de)摩擦；實(shi)驗室人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員在操作過程中，衣服與固體材料的(de)接(jie)觸和分離，靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)感應等條件使(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)體形(xing)成靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)。

試驗中不(bu)同材料(liao)之間相對(dui)運動(dong)，如摩擦、敲(qiao)打等(deng)產生靜電(dian)(dian)。空氣中靜電(dian)(dian)荷聚集，化學反應產生電(dian)(dian)荷聚集。

帶(dai)靜電物體進入(ru)實驗(yan)室(shi)，如人員帶(dai)靜電、原材料(liao)、包裝物等帶(dai)靜電進入(ru)實驗(yan)室(shi)

生活中的靜電現象

品牌推(tui)薦(jian) · 上海滔普實驗室設備(bei)有限(xian)公司(si)

肆

防靜電的本質與途徑

靜(jing)電(dian)的(de)(de)產(chan)生是(shi)難以避免，防(fang)(fang)止(zhi)靜(jing)電(dian)的(de)(de)本質是(shi)消除(chu)(chu)靜(jing)電(dian)影響(xiang)，消除(chu)(chu)靜(jing)電(dian)影響(xiang)的(de)(de)措施有三種，一(yi)是(shi)防(fang)(fang)止(zhi)靜(jing)電(dian)荷(he)聚(ju)集，二是(shi)泄放靜(jing)電(dian)荷(he)，三是(shi)屏蔽靜(jing)電(dian)荷(he)。

防止靜(jing)電(dian)荷積(ji)(ji)聚(ju)。在(zai)容(rong)易產(chan)生(sheng)靜(jing)電(dian)荷積(ji)(ji)聚(ju)的(de)(de)表(biao)面覆蓋一層(ceng)起電(dian)量小、甚(shen)至不起電(dian)的(de)(de)材料，即可減少、甚(shen)至不會產(chan)生(sheng)靜(jing)電(dian)。或(huo)向靜(jing)電(dian)荷積(ji)(ji)聚(ju)區吹送電(dian)離的(de)(de)、含有(you)正(zheng)、負離子的(de)(de)空氣氣流(liu)(liu)，氣流(liu)(liu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)正(zheng)、負離子將遵(zun)循同性(xing)相斥、異性(xing)相吸的(de)(de)原(yuan)理(li)與絕緣體表(biao)面所(suo)積(ji)(ji)聚(ju)的(de)(de)靜(jing)電(dian)電(dian)荷進行中(zhong)和(he)，從(cong)而(er)徹底將靜(jing)電(dian)消除。對(dui)(dui)接觸起電(dian)的(de)(de)物(wu)料，應盡(jin)量選用在(zai)帶電(dian)序(xu)列中(zhong)位置較(jiao)鄰近的(de)(de)，或(huo)對(dui)(dui)產(chan)生(sheng)正(zheng)負電(dian)荷的(de)(de)物(wu)料加以適當(dang)組合，最(zui)終達(da)到起電(dian)最(zui)小的(de)(de)效果。在(zai)生(sheng)產(chan)工(gong)藝設計上(shang)，對(dui)(dui)有(you)關物(wu)料應盡(jin)量做(zuo)到接觸面積(ji)(ji)和(he)壓力較(jiao)小，接觸次數較(jiao)少，運動和(he)分離速度較(jiao)慢。

建立安(an)全泄(xie)放(fang)(fang)通(tong)路(lu)。將產生聚集的(de)(de)(de)靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷通(tong)過具備導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)疏導(dao)到(dao)相對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)勢(shi)的(de)(de)(de)“大地(di)”，在靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)危險場(chang)所，所有屬于靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)體的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)體必須接地(di)。對(dui)(dui)金屬物(wu)(wu)體應采用(yong)金屬導(dao)體與(yu)大地(di)導(dao)通(tong)性(xing)連接，對(dui)(dui)金屬以(yi)外的(de)(de)(de)靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)體及亞導(dao)體則應間接接地(di)。泄(xie)放(fang)(fang)時(shi)要求(qiu)靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓必須在10秒鐘內降至100V，同時(shi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流不(bu)(bu)能(neng)高于50mA。即是說，靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)泄(xie)放(fang)(fang)既要快，又不(bu)(bu)能(neng)過快。過快的(de)(de)(de)泄(xie)放(fang)(fang)變(bian)成了放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，容易產生明火。靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)泄(xie)放(fang)(fang)路(lu)徑(jing)中(zhong)需有一定的(de)(de)(de)阻值。

構建靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷屏(ping)蔽環(huan)境。根據靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷聚集在導體(ti)表面(mian)，其內(nei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)強度為零的(de)原(yuan)理，可以將(jiang)受靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)影(ying)響(xiang)的(de)設(she)備(bei)、材料、工藝過程用金(jin)屬或導電(dian)(dian)(dian)涂層覆蓋，降低靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)影(ying)響(xiang)。帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)體(ti)應(ying)(ying)進行局(ju)部(bu)或全(quan)部(bu)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)屏(ping)蔽，或利用各種形式(shi)的(de)金(jin)屬網，同時屏(ping)蔽體(ti)或金(jin)屬網應(ying)(ying)可靠接地(di)，減少靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)積聚。

伍

實驗室防靜電措施

實驗(yan)(yan)室防靜(jing)電(dian)要根據實驗(yan)(yan)室具(ju)體(ti)環境、工藝(yi)，分析靜(jing)電(dian)產生的(de)(de)環節，對實驗(yan)(yan)室影響的(de)(de)工藝(yi)、節點，主動出擊，采取相應措施。按(an)照策劃-實施-檢查-改(gai)進的(de)(de)思路，降低(di)靜(jing)電(dian)對實驗(yan)(yan)室安(an)全和實驗(yan)(yan)結果產生的(de)(de)影響。

5.1

明確防靜電人員和程序

建立實驗(yan)室安(an)全(quan)風險(xian)(xian)評(ping)價制(zhi)(zhi)度，落實安(an)全(quan)風險(xian)(xian)評(ping)價機制(zhi)(zhi)。各實驗(yan)室要重視靜電(dian)(dian)有可(ke)能對實驗(yan)室造成(cheng)的嚴重影(ying)響(xiang)，在實驗(yan)室建設論證過程中，應當組織專家分析實驗(yan)室環境(jing)、工(gong)(gong)藝等存在的靜電(dian)(dian)影(ying)響(xiang)風險(xian)(xian)，制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)應對措(cuo)施(shi)，在設計源頭通(tong)盤考慮防(fang)靜電(dian)(dian)設施(shi)建設和設備(bei)(bei)(bei)配(pei)備(bei)(bei)(bei)。指(zhi)定(ding)責任人，落實防(fang)靜電(dian)(dian)設施(shi)建設、設備(bei)(bei)(bei)配(pei)備(bei)(bei)(bei)的具體責任，把防(fang)靜電(dian)(dian)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)落到實處。

5.2

培養人員良好行為

把(ba)防(fang)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)教育納(na)入(ru)安全(quan)(quan)教育工作(zuo)，讓(rang)全(quan)(quan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)人(ren)員(yuan)明白靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)可能造成的(de)(de)風險和(he)后果(guo)，從(cong)(cong)思想(xiang)上(shang)高度重視，從(cong)(cong)行為上(shang)，完全(quan)(quan)落(luo)實實驗室防(fang)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)管理制度，該做(zuo)的(de)(de)一(yi)定做(zuo)到，不該做(zuo)的(de)(de)堅決杜(du)絕。讓(rang)全(quan)(quan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)人(ren)員(yuan)了(le)解產生靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)場所(suo)、環(huan)節以(yi)及防(fang)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)措施(shi)。如從(cong)(cong)事(shi)帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)作(zuo)業的(de)(de)人(ren)員(yuan)不允許佩(pei)戴(dai)戒指(zhi)和(he)金屬手鐲等導電(dian)(dian)物體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)，著裝符合防(fang)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)要(yao)求，女士頭發盤卷等。從(cong)(cong)事(shi)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)敏(min)感的(de)(de)工作(zuo)前，采取措施(shi)釋放人(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)，如在室內用手輕(qing)輕(qing)摸一(yi)下墻壁。釋放體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)表(biao)積聚的(de)(de)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)在觸(chu)摸導體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)時，先(xian)用指(zhi)甲接(jie)觸(chu)導體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)，也可以(yi)先(xian)接(jie)觸(chu)濕毛巾(jin)之類物品。

5.3

采取相應防靜電技術

對(dui)需要防(fang)(fang)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的區(qu)(qu)域進行鮮明標識并提醒實驗(yan)室應(ying)采取(qu)的措施。對(dui)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)敏感(gan)的危化品區(qu)(qu)域、電(dian)(dian)(dian)子研究區(qu)(qu)域，實驗(yan)室地板(ban)應(ying)噴涂防(fang)(fang)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)涂層(ceng)或安裝耗(hao)散（靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)）地板(ban)、地毯、導靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)墊等(deng)，設(she)備(bei)采接地措施。員工配備(bei)防(fang)(fang)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)工作(zuo)服(fu)、防(fang)(fang)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)工作(zuo)帽(mao)、手腕帶、腳腕帶、防(fang)(fang)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)鞋(xie)、導電(dian)(dian)(dian)鞋(xie)等(deng)裝備(bei)，打通(tong)主(zhu)要泄放通(tong)道。工作(zuo)臺、工作(zuo)椅具有可(ke)靠的接地通(tong)路，或增加防(fang)(fang)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)罩(zhao)。配備(bei)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)測試儀器，及(ji)時發現靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)分布和(he)影響(xiang)。涉(she)及(ji)爆(bao)炸(zha)物、易燃(ran)液體、易燃(ran)氣體等(deng)的儀器設(she)備(bei)、操(cao)作(zuo)臺等(deng)應(ying)采取(qu)接地、惰性氣體保護(hu)、安裝人體靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)導除(chu)裝置等(deng)防(fang)(fang)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)措施。

5.4

控制實驗室內部環境

溫濕度(du)(du)對靜電(dian)的影響很大，調(diao)節空(kong)(kong)氣溫度(du)(du)可以(yi)控(kong)制(zhi)靜電(dian)聚集，如溫度(du)(du)控(kong)制(zhi)在20℃左右，相(xiang)對濕度(du)(du)控(kong)制(zhi)在60%在右，靜電(dian)就難以(yi)產生。當(dang)空(kong)(kong)氣相(xiang)對濕度(du)(du)低(di)于50%，容易產生靜電(dian)，因此(ci)，通(tong)過中(zhong)央空(kong)(kong)調(diao)調(diao)節實(shi)驗室(shi)內部空(kong)(kong)氣溫度(du)(du)和濕度(du)(du)。或者通(tong)過實(shi)時監控(kong)溫度(du)(du)的變化，并利用加濕器加濕室(shi)內空(kong)(kong)氣，防止靜電(dian)發生。

文章來源未來實驗室學苑